MNC’s & Startups commonly asked technical interview questions & Python Questions for freshers across various roles

1. Programming Fundamentals:

• What is the difference between Array and Linked List?
• Explain the concept of OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming).
• What is recursion? Provide an example.
• How does a stack differ from a queue?
• Explain pointers and their use in programming.

2. Data Structures & Algorithms:

• What are the different types of sorting algorithms? Explain one.
• How do binary search and linear search differ?
• What is a hash table, and how does it work?
• What is the difference between a binary tree and a binary search tree?
• Solve common algorithmic problems like fibonacci series, palindrome check, etc.

3. Database Management:

• What is normalization in databases? Why is it important?
• Explain ACID properties in the context of databases.
• Write a SQL query to fetch data from a table.
• What is the difference between SQL and NoSQL databases?
• Explain Joins in SQL and the different types of joins.

4. Operating Systems:

• What is a process and a thread? What are the differences?
• Explain deadlock and how it can be avoided.
• What is paging in operating systems?
• How does memory management work in operating systems?
• What are the different types of scheduling algorithms?

5. Networking Concepts:

• What is the OSI model, and can you explain its layers?
• What is the difference between TCP and UDP?
• Explain the working of DNS.
• What is IP addressing?
• What is subnetting, and why is it important?

6. Web Development (for Full-Stack roles):

• What is the difference between HTML and XML?
• How does CSS handle page layout and design?
• Explain the Document Object Model (DOM).
• What are GET and POST methods in HTTP?
• How does JavaScript handle asynchronous code (e.g., Promises and Async/Await)?

7. Cloud & DevOps (for relevant roles):

• What is cloud computing, and what are its different types?
• Explain containers and virtualization.
• What is CI/CD in DevOps?
• How does version control work (e.g., using Git)?
• What are the core services offered by AWS, GCP, or Azure?

8. Software Engineering Concepts:

• What is Agile methodology?
• Explain the concept of version control and its benefits.
• What is the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)?
• What is the difference between white-box and black-box testing?
• Explain unit testing and its importance.

Python Interview Questions

1. Python Basics:

• What are Python’s key features? Why is Python so popular?
• Explain the difference between Python 2 and Python 3.
• How is memory managed in Python?
• What is the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL)?
• What are PEP 8 guidelines?

2. Data Types and Variables:

• What are the built-in data types in Python?
• How is type conversion done in Python?
• Explain mutable and immutable objects in Python with examples.
• How does Python handle variables and memory allocation?
• What is the difference between a list and a tuple?

3. Control Structures:

• What is the difference between break, continue, and pass statements?
• Explain for and while loops in Python with examples.
• How do you implement switch-case in Python (since Python doesn’t have a switch statement)?
• What is a lambda function in Python? Give an example.

4. Functions and Modules:

• How do you define a function in Python? What is the use of the return keyword?
• What are default arguments and keyword arguments in Python functions?
• What is the difference between local and global variables?
• What is the __init__() method in Python?
• How do you import a module in Python? What is the difference between import and from import?

5. Object-Oriented Programming (OOPs) in Python:

• What are the basic principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?
• What is inheritance in Python? Explain with an example.
• What is polymorphism, and how is it implemented in Python?
• Explain encapsulation and abstraction with examples in Python.
• What are magic methods in Python? (e.g., __str__(), __repr__())

6. File Handling:

• How do you open a file in Python? What modes can you use?
• How do you read and write files in Python?
• Explain the use of the with statement in file handling.
• How do you handle exceptions while dealing with files?
• What is the difference between readline() and readlines()?

7. Exception Handling:

• How do you handle exceptions in Python?
• What is the difference between try-except and try-finally?
• What are custom exceptions in Python, and how do you create them?
• What is the purpose of the raise keyword?
• What is the assert statement used for?

8. Data Structures in Python:

• What is the difference between a list, set, tuple, and dictionary?
• How do you add elements to a list or dictionary?
• Explain the concept of list comprehension with an example.
• How do you sort a list of dictionaries based on a specific key?
• What are generator functions in Python? How do they differ from regular functions?

9. Libraries and Modules:

• What is the difference between a library and a module in Python?
• Explain the usage of popular libraries like NumPy, Pandas, and Matplotlib.
• How do you install and manage external packages using pip?
• What is virtualenv, and why is it important in Python development?
• Explain the random module in Python. How do you generate random numbers?

10. Advanced Topics:

• What are decorators in Python? Provide an example.
• What are iterators and generators? How are they different?
• What is multithreading in Python, and how is it different from multiprocessing?
• Explain context managers and how they are used with the with statement.
• What are metaclasses in Python?

11. Python and Database Connectivity:

• How do you connect to a database using Python?
• What is SQLAlchemy, and how is it used in Python?
• How do you perform CRUD operations (Create, Read, Update, Delete) with Python and a database?
• Explain the use of cursors and execute statements for database operations.

12. Web Development with Python:

• What is Flask/Django, and how is it used in Python?
• How do you create a simple REST API using Flask?
• What is WSGI, and why is it important in web frameworks?
• How do you handle HTTP requests in Python?
• What is Jinja2 in Flask?

13. Python for Data Science:

• How do you manipulate data using Pandas?
• What is the difference between NumPy arrays and Python lists?
• Explain data visualization using Matplotlib or Seaborn.
• How do you perform linear regression in Python?
• What are dataframes in Pandas, and how do you create them?

 

 

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